Resources

Industry and Business

• Australian & New Zealand Grapegrower & Winemaker industry journal
• Canadian Grapes to Wine industry publication
• South African Journal for Enology and Viticulture research journal
• Wine Business Analytics industry data
• Wine Business industry information and events
• Wine Industry Network business resources

Associations and Societies

• BC Grapegrowers Association
• BC Wine Authority
• Wines of British Columbia
• American Society for Enology and Viticulture
• Society of Medical Friends of Wine
• World Wine Trade Group

Educational and Research Institutions

• Okanagan College
• UBC Wine Research Centre
• Cool Climate Oenology and Viticulture Institute, Brock University
• Department of Viticulture and Enology, UC Davis
• Gobali Institute, Charles Sturt University

Media and Magazines

• Into Wine
• Decanter
• Wine Spectator

Books and References

• Ahmedulla, M., A. Kawakami, C.R. Sandidge and R.L. Wample, 1986. Effect of paclobutrazol on the vegetative growth, yield, quality, and winter hardiness of buds of Concord grape. HortScience 21:273-274.
• Anderson, J.A., G.S. Howell and J.A. Wolpert, 1980. Phenological development of different Vitis culti-vars. Fruit Var. J. 34:5-7.Augé, R.M. 2001. Water relations, drought, and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Mycorrhiza. 11:3-42.
• Baumgartner, K., R.F. Smith, and L. Bettiga. 2005. Weed control and cover crop management affect mycorrhizal colonization of grapevine roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spore populations in a California vineyard. Mycorrhiza. 15:111- 119.
• Biricolti, S., F. Ferrini, E. Rinaldelli, I. Tamantini, and N. Vignozzi. 1997. VAM fungi and soil lime content influence rootstock growth and nutrient content. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 48:93- 99.
• Blanc, M.L., H. Geslin, I.A. Holzbert and B. Mason, 1963. Protection Against Frost Damage. World Me-teorological Org. Technical Note 51.
• Brandsæter, L.O., A. Olsmo, A.M. Tronsmo, and H. Fykse. 2002. Freezing resistance of winter annual and biennial legumes at different developmental stages. Crop Sci. 42(2):437-443.
• Burton, C.J. and P.J. Burton. A manual for growing and using seed from herbaceous plants native to the northern interior of British Columbia. Symbios Research and Restoration. Smithers, BC. 168 pp. sym-bios@bulkley.net
• Caldwell, John. 1998. A Concise Guide to Wine Grape Clones for Professionals.
• Candolfi-Vasconcelos, M. C. and W. Koblet. 1990. Yield, Fruit Quality, Bud Fertility and Starch Reserves of the Wood as a Function of Leaf Removal in Vitis Vinifera - Evidence of Compensation and Stress Recovering. Vitis. 29: 199-221.
• Candolfi-Vasconcelos, M. C., W. Koblet, G. S. Howell and W. Zweifel. 1994. Influence of Defoliation, Rootstock, Training System, and Leaf Position on Gas Exchange of Pinot Noir Grapevines. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 45(2): 173-180.
• Cartechini, A., A. Palliotti and C. Lungarotti. 2000. Influence of Timing of Summer Hedging on Yield and Grape Quality in Some Red and White Grapevine Cultivars. Acta Horticulturae. 512: 101-110.
• Choi, C.Y., W. Zimmit and G. Giacomelli, 1999. Freeze and Frost Protection with Aqueous Foam Development. HortTechnology 9(4):654-661.
• Cline, R.A. 1992. Soil management for orchards and vineyards. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food Fact Sheet #92-120. Accessed online 10/14/2005. http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/ english/ crops/facts/92-120.htm
• Coldwell, A.E., P.R. Loewen, and C.J. Whitfield. 1943. The relation of various types of vegetative cover to soil drift. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 34:702-710.
• Coombe, B.G. and P.R. Dry. 1988. Viticulture Vol. 1 Resources. Australian Industrial Publishers Pty. Ltd. Adelaide. 211 pp.
• Coombe, B.G. and P.R. Dry. 1992. Viticulture Vol. 2 Practices. Winetittles 2 Wilford Ave., Underdale, South Australia, 5032. 376 pp.
• Ferrini, F., G. B. Mattii and F. P. Nicese. 1995. Effect of Temperature on Key Physiological Responses of Grapevine Leaf. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 46(3): 375-379.
• de Boer, H.J., 1964. Comparison of Water Vapour, Water and Water Drops of Various Sizes, As a Means of Preventing Night Frost. Agricultural Meteorolo-gy. Elsevier. Vol 2:247-258
• Dekazos, E.E., 1979. Effects of aminoethoxyvinyl-glycine (AVG) on bloom delay, fruit maturity and quality of ‘Tifblue’ and ‘Woodard’ rabbiteye blue-berries. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 92:248-252.
• Dennis, F.G., C.E. Crews and D.W. Buchanan, 1977. Bloom delay in stone fruits and apple with rhi-zobitoxine analogue. HortScience 12:386 (ab-str.)
• Donaldson, Dean R., R.L. Snyder, C. Elmore and S. Gallagher, 1993. Weed control influences vineyard minimum temperatures. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 44(4):431-434.
• Evans, Robert G., 1991. Frost protection tech-niques for trees in the Northwest. Proc. Frost Protection Strategies for Trees and Grapevines. Fresno, CA. Ca. Agr. Technol. Inst. Publ. 91 11104:85- 103
• Evans, R.G. , 1999. AIrrigation choices for growing V. vinifera grapes in central Washington.@ pp. 57-74. In J Watson, editor. Proceedings of Growing Grapes in Eastern Washington. March 5, 1998, Richland, WA. The Good Fruit Grower, Yakima, WA.
• Evans, R.G., M.O. Mahan and M.W. Kroeger, 1996. Utili-zation of Heated Water for Orchard Frost Protec-tion. ASAE Tech. Paper 96-2041, Presented at An-nual Meeting of ASAE . Phoenix, AZ. July 14-18. 15pp.
• Folorunso, O.A., D.E. Rolston, T. Prichard, and D.T. Louie. 1992. Cover crops lower soil surface strength, may improve soil permeability. Cal. Agric. 45(6):26-27.
• Gladstone, John. 1992. Viticulture and Environment. Winetittles 2 Wilford Ave., Underdale, South Australia. 310 pp.
• Goulet, E., S. Dousset, R. Chaussod, F. Bartoli, A.F. Doledec, and F. Andreux. 2004. Water-stable aggregates and organic matter pools in a calcareous vineyard soil under four soil-surface management systems. Soil Use Mgt. 20:318- 324.
• Gulick, S.H., D.W. Grimes, D.S. Munk, and D.A. Goldhamer. 1994. Cover-crop-enhanced water infiltration of a slowly permeable fine sandy loam. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58(5):1539-1546.
• Hall, M. H. White Clover. Agronomy Facts 22. The Pennsylvania State University Cooperative Extension. Accessed Online 10/14/2005. http://cropsoil.psu.edu/Extension/Facts/ ag-fact22.pdf
• Hannaway, D., S. Fransen, J. Cropper, M. Teel, M. Chaney, T. Griggs, R. Halse, J. Hart, P. Cheeke, D. Hansen, R. Klinger, and W. Lane. 1999. Perennial Ryegrass. PNW 503. Accessed online 10/14/2005. http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/ ed-mat/html/pnw/pnw503/pnw503.html
• Howell, G. S., 1988. Cultural manipulation of vine cold hardiness. Proc. Sec. Intl. Cool Climate Vitic. and Enol. Symp.:p.98-102.
• Howell, G.S., 1991. Approaches to solving the problem of low temperature damage to grapevines. Proc. Frost Protection Strategies for Trees and Grapevines. Ca. Agr. Technol. Ins. Publ. 91 11104:115-127
• Howell, G.S., and N. Shaulis, 1980. Factors influenc-ing within-vine variation in the cold resistance of cane and primary bud tissues. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 31(2):158-161.
• Howell, G.S., and J.A. Wolpert, 1978. Nodes per cane, primary bud phenology, and spring freeze damage to Concord grapevines. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 29(4): 229-232.
• Ingels, C.A., R.L. Bugg, G.T. McGourty, and L.P. Christensen. 1998a. Cover Cropping in Vineyards: A Grower’s Handbook. Univ. of Calif. Div. Agr. Nat. Res. Publication #3338. 162 pp.
• Ingels, C.A., K.M. Scow, D.A. Whisson, and R.E. Drenovsky. 2005. Effects of cover crops on grapevines, yield, juice composition, soil microbial ecology, and gopher activity. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 56:19-29.
• John, P.H., 1985. Overhead Targeted Frost Protec-tion. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Insti-tute, Lincoln College, Canterbury, New Zealand, Project Report Number 33.
• John, P.H., P. Carran and I. Woodhead, 1986. Targeted Frost Protection-Orchard Trails. New Zealand Ag-ricultural Engineering Institute, Lincoln Col-lege, Canterbury, New Zealand, Project Report Number 39.
• Johnson, D.E., and G.S. Howell, 1981a. Factors influ-encing critical temperatures for spring freeze damage to developing primary shoots on Concord grapevines. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 32(2):144-149.
• Johnson, D.E., and G.S. Howell, 1981b. The effect of cane morphology and cultivar on the phenological development and critical temperatures of primary buds on grape canes. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 106(5):545-549
• Jones, E.H., 1924. Irrigation as frost protection in a citrus grove. Calif. Citrogr. 9(7):260.
• Jorgensen, G., B.M. Escalera, D.R. Wineman, R.K. Striegler, D. Zoldoske and C. Krauter, 1996. Mi-crosprayer Frost Protection in Vineyards. Ca Agr. Technol. Inst. Publ. No. 960803. Fresno, CA. 12 pp.
• Kabir, Z. and R.T. Koide. 2002. Effect of autumn and winter mycorrhizal cover crops on soil properties, nutrient uptake and yield of sweet corn in Pennsylvania, USA. Plant and Soil. 238:205-215.
• Kasimatis, A.N., and J.J. Kissler, 1974. Responses of grapevines to shoot break-out following injury by spring frost. Amer. J. Enol. Vitic. 25(1):17-20.
• Kaspar, T.C., J.K. Radke, and J.M. Laflen. 2001. Small grain cover crops and wheel traffic effects on infiltration, runoff, and erosion. J. Soil Water Conserv. 56:160-164.
• Kaya, C., D. Higgs, H. Kirnak, and I. Tax. 2003. Mycorrhizal colonization improves fruit yield and water use efficiency in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.) grown under well-watered and water-stressed conditions. Plant and Soil. 253:287-292.
• Keller, M. 2001. Principles to Have in Mind When Deciding on a Thinning Strategy. Australian Viticulture. 5: 27-29.
• Keller, M., K. J. Arnink and G. Hrazdina. 1998. Interaction of Nitrogen Availability During Bloom and Light Intensity During Veraison. I. Effects on Grapevine Growth, Fruit Development, and Ripening. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 49(3): 333-340.
• Keller, M. and G. Hrazdina. 1998. Interaction of Nitrogen Availability During Bloom and Light Intensity During Veraison. Ii. Effects on Anthocyanin and Phenolic Development During Grape Ripening. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 49(3): 341-349.
• Kliewer, W. M. and A. M. Bledsoe. 1987. Influence of Hedging and Leaf Removal on Canopy Microclimate, Grape Composition, and Wine Quality under California Conditions. Acta Horticulturae. 206: 157-168.
• Linderman, R.G. and A.A. Davis. 2001. Comparative response of selected grapevine rootstocks and cultivars to inoculation with different mychorrhizal fungi. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 52:8-11.
• Martsolf, J.D., 1989. Heated Irrigation Cold Protection. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 102:64-69.
• McGuire, A. 2003. Mustard. EB1952E. Washington State University Extension, Pullman, WA. Available online at: http://grantadams.wsu.edu/agriculture/covercrops/pubs/ eb1952e.pdf
• Micro-Irrigation of Trees and Vines, Number 94-01, Dept of Land, Air and Water, 113 Veihmeyer Hall, University of California, Davis 95616.
• Morgan, D. C., C. J. Stanley and I. J. Warrington. 1985. The Effects of Simulated Daylight and ShadeLight on Vegetative and Reproductive Growth in Kiwifruit and Grapevine. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology. 60(4): 473-484.
• Morrison, J. C. 1991. Bud Development in Vitis Vinifera L. Botanical Gazette. 152(3): 304-315.
• Mullins, Michael G., Alain Bouquet and Larry E. Williams. Biology of the Grapevine. 1992. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 239 pp
• Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, France. 1995. Catalogue of Selected Wine Grape Variety and Clones Cultivated in France.
• Parnes, R. (1990). Fertile Soil: A Grower’s Guide to Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers. Davis, California
• Petrie, P. R., M. C. T. Trought, G. S. Howell and G. D. Buchan. 2003. The Effect of Leaf Removal and Canopy Height on Whole-Vine Gas Exchange and Fruit Development of Vitis Vinifera L. Sauvignon Blanc. Functional Plant Biology. 30: 711-717.
• Proceedings of the International Symposium of Clonal Selection - 1995 ASEV, Box 1855, Davis CA. 95617-1855
• Proebsting, E.L., Jr., and V.P. Brummund, 1978. Yield and maturity of Concord grapes following spring frost. HortScience. 13(5):541- 543.
• Proebsting, E.L., and H.H. Mills, 1969. Effect of growth regulators on fruit bud hardiness in Prunus. HortScience 4:254-255.
• Proebsting, E.L., and H.H. Mills, 1973. Bloom delay and frost survival in ethephon treated sweet cherry. HortScience 8:46-47
• Proebsting, E.L., and H.H. Mills, 1974. Time f giberel-lin applications determines hardiness of response of ‘Bing’ cherry buds and wood. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 99:464-466.
• Proebsting, E.L., and H.H. Mills, 1976. Ethephon in-creases cold hardiness in sweet cherry. J Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 101:31-33
• Poncracz, D.P. 1978. Practical Viticulture. David Philip (Pty) Ltd. 217 Werdmuller Centre, Newry St., Claremont, Cape Province, South Africa. 240 pp.
• Reynolds, A. G. 1988. Response of Riesling Vines to Training System and Pruning Strategy. Vitis. 27: 229-242.
• Rieger, M., 1989. Freeze protection for horticultural crops. Hort. Rev. 11:45-109.
• Robinson, Jancis. 1986. Vines, Grape and Wines.
• Sattell, R. 1998. Using Cover Crops in Oregon EM 8704. Oregon State University Extension Service, Corvallis, OR.
• Schnipp, A. and R. Young. 2004. Barrel Medic. Agnote DPI-264. New South Wales Department of Primary Industries. Accessed online 10/14/2005. http://www.agric.nsw.gov.au/ reader/past-templegume/dpi264.htm
• Schreiner, John. 1998. Chardonnay and Friends.
• Schreiner, R.P. 2004. Mycorrhizas and mineral acquisition in grapevines. Proceedings of the Soil Environment and Vine Mineral Nutrition Symposium. San Diego, CA. American Society for Enology and Viticulture. pp. 49-60.
• Schultz, H.B., and R.J. Weaver. 1977. Preventing frost damage in vineyards. Calif. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ext. Serv. Leaflet 2139
• Smart, R. E. 1973. Sunlight Interception by Vineyards. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 24(4): 141-147.
• Smart, R. E. 1984. Some Aspects of Climate, Canopy Microclimate, Vine Physiology, and Wine Quality. Proceedings of the First International Cool Climate Viticulture and Enology Symposium., Oregon State University, Corvallis.
• Smart, R. E. 1985. Principles of Grapevine Canopy Microclimate Manipulation with Implications for Yield and Quality. A Review. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 36(3): 230-239.
• Smart, R. E. 1988. Shoot Spacing and Canopy Light Microclimate. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 39(4): 325-333.
• Smart, R. E. 1991. Sunlight into Wine: A Handbook for Winegrape Canopy Management. Adelaide, AU, Winetitles.
• Smart, R. E., J. B. Robinson, G. R. Due and C. J. Brian. 1985. Canopy Microclimate for the Cultivar Shiraz. I. Definition of Canopy Microclimate. Vitis. 24: 17-31.
• Smart, R. E., N. J. Shaulis and E. R. Lemon. 1982. The Effect of Concord Vineyard Microclimate on Yield. I. The Effects of Pruning, Training, and Shoot Positioning on Radiation Microclimate. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 33(2): 99-108.
• Smart, R. E., S. M. Smith and R. V. Winchester. 1988. Light Quality and Quantity Effects on Fruit Ripening for Cabernet Sauvignon. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 39(3): 250-258.
• Smart, Richard and Mike Robinson. 1991. Sunlight into Wine. Winetittles 2 Wilford Ave., Underdale, South Australia, 5032.
• Snyder, R.L., and J.H. Connell, 1993. Ground cover height affects pre-dawn orchard floor tempera-tures. California Agriculture 47(1):9- 12.
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• Spayd, S. E., J. M. Tarara, D. L. Mee and J. C. Ferguson. 2002. Separation of Sunlight and Temperature Effects on the Composition of Vitis Vinifera Cv. Merlot Berries. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 53(3): 171-182.
• Stergios, B.G., and G.S. Howell, 1977a. Effects of defoliation, trellis height, and cropping stress on cold hardiness of Concord grapevines. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 28:(1):34-42.
• Stergios, B.G., and G.S. Howell, 1977b. Effect of site on cold acclimation and deacclimation of Concord grapevines. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 28:(1):43-48.
• Stredansky, J. 1999. Reduction of wind erosion intensity by vegetation cover. Ekologia 18:96- 99. University of California SAREP Cover Crop Database. Accessed 10/14/2005. http:// www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/ccrop/
• Swanson, F., P. Christensen, and F. Jensen, 1973. Pre-venting vineyard frost damage. Coop. Ext. Univ.of California.
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• Weaver, Robert J. 1976. Grape Growing. John Wiley & Sons. 371 pp
• Wilson, E.B., and A.L. Jones, 1969. Orchard Heater Measurements. Circular 511. Washington State University, Washington Agricultural Experiment Station. 18 pp.
• Winkler, A.J., J.A. Cook, W.M. Kliewer, L.A.Lider. 1974. General Viticulture. University of California Press, Berkeley, Calif., 707 pp.
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Crown Publications

For copies of legislation and other government publications, call 1-800-663-6105 or visit the King's Printer.

BC Ministry of Agriculture

For information on programs/services of the provincial government or to reach any of the offices, call 1-800-663-7867.

Office locations

Other services

• Orchards and Vineyards Transition Program 1-800-665-5254
• General Information Production Insurance 1-888-332-3352